Control | Untreated | Micronization | Ultrasonic | Microwave | Extrusion | ||
Dry weight residue (g) | 12 h | 0.14 ± 0.033abc | 0.20 ± 0.03cd | 0.18 ± 0.058bcd | 0.19 ± 0.013cd | 0.18 ± 0.032bcd | 0.23 ± 0.032d |
24 h | 0.11 ± 0.011a | 0.18 ± 0.029bcd | 0.19 ± 0.036cd | 0.12 ± 0.067ab | 0.16 ± 0.018abcd | 0.22 ± 0.084d | |
WHC (g/g) | 12 h | 2.84 ± 0.40b | 1.55 ± 0.36a | 1.99 ± 0.36ab | 3.16 ± 0.50b | 5.32 ± 0.69cd | 5.73 ± 0.32cde |
24 h | 5.11 ± 0.44c | 6.54 ± 0.28ef | 6.29 ± 0.5cde | 5.13 ± 0.1c | 6.45 ± 0.39de | 7.68 ± 0.15f | |
Total water held by residue (g) | 12 h | 1.16 ± 0.1ab | 0.74 ± 0.17a | 0.9 ± 0.17ab | 1.47 ± 0.27bc | 2.43 ± 0.39de | 2.85 ± 0.19e |
24 h | 1.94 ± 0.11cd | 2.99 ± 0.28e | 2.92 ± 0.4e | 2.02 ± 0.6cd | 2.79 ± 0.7e | 3.80 ± 0.3f |