Control

Untreated

Micronization

Ultrasonic

Microwave

Extrusion

Dry weight residue (g)

12 h

0.14 ± 0.033abc

0.20 ± 0.03cd

0.18 ± 0.058bcd

0.19 ± 0.013cd

0.18 ± 0.032bcd

0.23 ± 0.032d

24 h

0.11 ± 0.011a

0.18 ± 0.029bcd

0.19 ± 0.036cd

0.12 ± 0.067ab

0.16 ± 0.018abcd

0.22 ± 0.084d

WHC

(g/g)

12 h

2.84 ± 0.40b

1.55 ± 0.36a

1.99 ± 0.36ab

3.16 ± 0.50b

5.32 ± 0.69cd

5.73 ± 0.32cde

24 h

5.11 ± 0.44c

6.54 ± 0.28ef

6.29 ± 0.5cde

5.13 ± 0.1c

6.45 ± 0.39de

7.68 ± 0.15f

Total water held by residue (g)

12 h

1.16 ± 0.1ab

0.74 ± 0.17a

0.9 ± 0.17ab

1.47 ± 0.27bc

2.43 ± 0.39de

2.85 ± 0.19e

24 h

1.94 ± 0.11cd

2.99 ± 0.28e

2.92 ± 0.4e

2.02 ± 0.6cd

2.79 ± 0.7e

3.80 ± 0.3f